進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)醫(yī)學(xué)研究,在實(shí)驗(yàn)開(kāi)始之前就應(yīng)當(dāng)將專業(yè)知識(shí)與統(tǒng)計(jì)知識(shí)結(jié)合起來(lái)，制定出周密完善的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)。在實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),應(yīng)遵循對(duì)照的原則。因此，在醫(yī)學(xué)論文 中,經(jīng)常涉及有關(guān)比較內(nèi)容的描述，但由于中英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣和方式的差異，中文作者在撰寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)論文時(shí)，對(duì)比較方法和結(jié)果的描述存在的問(wèn)題較多，下面是對(duì)部 分國(guó)際英文科技期刊比較句型的應(yīng)用規(guī)律的總結(jié)：
    1、自身對(duì)照的描述
    表示“經(jīng)過(guò)某種處理”或“一段時(shí)間后”,某項(xiàng)(些) 指標(biāo)的變化。句中常含表示時(shí)間變化的形容詞、副詞或介詞詞組,如preoperative ,previously , after , during , with time ,over time 等。另外,也常含有表示變化的動(dòng)詞, 如become ;reach ; increase , elevate ; decrease , decline , fall ,diminish 等。
    [ 例1 ] These data suggest that the HEV could be more wide spread than previously thought . 這些數(shù)據(jù)提示HEV 的傳播范圍可能比先前認(rèn)為的更廣。
    [例2 ] The effect of H/ RZ on tuberculosis diminished over time. H/ RZ 對(duì)結(jié)核病的效果隨時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)逐漸降低。
     2、組間對(duì)照的描述
    用于實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組相互比較,或?qū)嶒?yàn)組之間相互比較。在描述比較方法時(shí)最常用的標(biāo)志詞為compare 
     [ 例1 ] Standardized incidence ratios were calculated to compare the incidence of malignant disease in patient s with inflammatory myopathy and the general population. 計(jì)算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化發(fā)病率比較炎性肌病患者和普通人群惡性病的發(fā)病率。
    3、在描述比較的結(jié)果時(shí)，根據(jù)結(jié)果有無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異及差異大小分為下面幾種情況。
     （1）結(jié)果無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異，用be similar , did not differ , be not different , had no difference 等表示
       [ 例1 ] In hospitalized patients , performance on Piagetian tasks of judgment w as similar to that among children younger than 10 years of age. 住院患者Piagetian 題目的完成情況與小于10 歲的兒童類似。
       [ 例2 ] Patient s with Karnof sky scores greater than 50 did not perf orm dif f erently than controls. Karnof sky 評(píng)分高于50 的患者的答題正確率與對(duì)照組的無(wú)區(qū)別。
 （2） 結(jié)果有差異,但不直接說(shuō)明孰高孰低,而是客觀地交待數(shù)值,句中常含有表示轉(zhuǎn)折或比較的詞,如but ,however ,versus 等
       [例 1 ] Male cells were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells f rom one healthy cont rol at a level of 1 male cell per 10 (6) female cells , but were not detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of women with primary biliary cirrhosis. 一個(gè)健康對(duì)照者外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞中每1/ 10 (6) 個(gè)雌性細(xì)胞可以檢測(cè)到1 個(gè)含Y-染色體的細(xì)胞,但原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化女性患者外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞中未檢測(cè)到。
       [例2 ] In all , 86. 5 %of these polyps were recisely diagnosed by EUS. However , only51. 7 % were diagnosed by US. 　EUS 診斷膽囊息肉的準(zhǔn)確率為86. 5 % , US 僅為51.7 %。
      4 、一(幾) 組指標(biāo)高(早) 于另一(幾) 組,常含有more , higher , greater ,earlier 等副詞或形容詞,或elevate , increase ,rise 等動(dòng)詞或由其演變而來(lái)的分詞
       [ 例1 ] Whole- body MR imaging has a higher sensitivity than skeletal scintigraphy for the detection of bone marrow metastases. 全身MR 診斷骨髓轉(zhuǎn)移的敏感性高于核素掃描。
     5 、一(幾) 組指標(biāo)低于另一(幾) 組,常用含lower ,decrease ,decline 等詞的句子表達(dá)
       [例 1] Maximum mean relative enhancement ratio and mean slope of relative enhancement of lung cancer patient s were significantly decreased compared with those of the healthy volunteers. 肺癌患者的最大平均相對(duì)強(qiáng)化率和平均相對(duì)強(qiáng)化斜率都明顯低于健康人。
    6、描述比較內(nèi)容的注意事項(xiàng)

    比較對(duì)象要對(duì)應(yīng)。國(guó)內(nèi)作者在使用比較句型時(shí),經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)比較對(duì)象不一致現(xiàn)象。如The levels of lymph TNF and IL-6 of group A were increased than group B. B 組淋巴液中TNF 和IL-6 水平高于A 組。該例中l(wèi)evel 與group B 相比,比較對(duì)象之間不對(duì)應(yīng)。應(yīng)改為: The levels of lymph TNF and IL-6 of group A were increased than those of group B.
   一般來(lái)說(shuō),可用下面三種方式保持比較對(duì)象的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。
a  直接列出比較對(duì)象
 如1例為patients 與controls 相比，例2為biopsy 與biopsy 相比。
       [例 1] Patients with Karnof sky scores of 50 or less responded correctly to fewer Piagetian tasks than controls . 評(píng)分小于等于50 的患者Piagetian 題目正確率小于對(duì)照組。
       [ 例2 ] Stereotactic 11-gauge vacuum-as-sisted biopsy , as compared with 14-gauge automated core or 14-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy ,was significantly more likely to spare a surgical procedure . 與14- G自動(dòng)核心針或14- G真空探針立體定位活檢相比較,11- G真空探針立體定位活檢更可能避免外科手術(shù)活檢。
b  用that 或those 指代比較的對(duì)象如下例中用those 指代nonprecipitated amylase levels。
       [例 1 ] The nonprecipitated amylase levelsof the patient s were not different f rom those of the controls. 病例組非沉淀性淀粉酶水平與對(duì)照組無(wú)明顯差異。
c  當(dāng)對(duì)兩組對(duì)象的某一指標(biāo)進(jìn)行比較時(shí),可以將比較的對(duì)象放在句子后面,用compared with或than 連接
       [例1 ] Telomerase was higher in the dis-tal three segments w hen com pared with the ce-cum . 與盲腸相比,在遠(yuǎn)端的三段腸管中端粒末端轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性較高。
       [例 2 ] The cumulative risk of tuberculosis in the first 2.5 years was significantly lower in the H/ RZ group than the placebo group. H/ RZ組前2. 5 年的結(jié)核病累積危險(xiǎn)率明顯低于安慰劑組。